Maximization delays decision-making in acute care nursing.

The maximization personality trait refers to the tendency to face decision-making situations along a continuum from exhaustively analysing all the options (maximize) to choosing the one that exceeds a subjective threshold of acceptability (satisfy). Research has revealed the influence of maximizing on decision making, although little is known about its possible role in high risk and high uncertainty situations. A sample of 153 active Spanish nurses, with an average experience of 11 years, completed a maximization questionnaire and responded to written vignettes depicting time-demanding decision making in which three options were offered, representing delayed action, non-action, and immediate action. Two vignettes presented critical situations related to acute care during the COVID-19 pandemic, whilst two vignettes presented non-nursing scenarios. People high in maximization took longer to choose and were more likely to choose non-action. No relationship was found between maximization score and the subjective experience of the person making the choice. Maximization had no significant correlation with years of experience nor perceived expertise. Greater perceived expertise was associated with lower indecision and greater confidence. When participants answered nursing vignettes, they took longer to respond, but chose less delayed action and more immediate action. Our results suggest that maximization plays only a relative role in acute care decision-making in nursing, as compared to contextual variables and expertise. They also support a domain general approach to this personality trait. Findings are consistent with Nibbelink and Reed's Practice-Primed Decision Model for nursing.

Estimating the economic burden attributable to online only child sexual abuse offenders: implications for police strategy.

Evidence is beginning to emerge of the serious negative effects online only child sexual abuse (OOCSA) can have on victims. Establishing the scale and nature of the problem could assist police in prioritizing suspects. In study 1, scoping review identified eleven studies that examined OOCSA's impact on victims. Five themes emerged from narrative review; definitional issues, a new normal, OOCSA grooming processes, comparisons with offline CSA, mechanisms between OOCSA and harm. In study 2, OOCSA national prevalence was estimated by applying 2.9% rate of OOCSA observed from original police data to a lower bound ("sexual communication with a child" crimes recorded by the police), middle (scaling up to estimate undetected offenses) and upper bound estimate of the national offender pool (self-reported sexual solicitation offenders). Recent UK Home Office figures were adapted to establish economic costs. Lifetime costs estimates attributable to OOCSA are £7.4 million (police reports), £59.6 million (including undetected offenders) and £1.4 billion (national prevalence estimates). Over 75% of this is non-financial costs borne by victims in terms of emotional harm and lost output. Government bears around 20% of the cost burden, mostly non-financial costs for police forces. Findings are discussed in relation to evidence-led recommendations for prioritization and wider police actions that can be taken to avoid the considerable economic and social burden associated with OOCSA offenses.

United Kingdom Early Detection Initiative (UK-EDI): protocol for establishing a national multicentre cohort of individuals with new-onset diabetes for early detection of pancreatic cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Screening for this disease has potential to improve survival. It is not feasible, with current screening modalities, to screen the asymptomatic adult population. However, screening of individuals in high-risk groups is recommended. Our study aims to provide resources and data that will inform strategies to screen individuals with new-onset diabetes (NOD) for pancreatic cancer. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The United Kingdom Early Detection Initiative (UK-EDI) for pancreatic cancer is a national, prospective, observational cohort study that aims to recruit 2500 individuals with NOD (<6 months postdiagnosis) aged 50 years and over, with follow-up every 6 months, over a 3-year period. For study eligibility, diagnosis of diabetes is considered to be clinical measurement of haemoglobin A1c ≥48 mmol/mol. Detailed clinical information and biospecimens will be collected at baseline and follow-up to support the development of molecular, epidemiological and demographic biomarkers for earlier detection of pancreatic cancer in the high-risk NOD group. Socioeconomic impacts and cost-effectiveness of earlier detection of pancreatic cancer in individuals with NOD will be evaluated. The UK-EDI NOD cohort will provide a bioresource for future early detection research to be conducted. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The UK-EDI study has been reviewed and approved by the London-West London and GTAC Research Ethics Committee (Ref 20/LO/0058). Study results will be disseminated through presentations at national and international symposia and publication in peer-reviewed, Open Access journals.

An Economic Evaluation of the Impact of Using Rapport-Based Interviewing Approaches With Child Sexual Abuse Suspects.

Two studies examined whether rapport-based interviewing with child sexual abuse (CSA) suspects provides greater interview yield that could result in overall cost-savings to the investigation. First, multi-level modelling was applied to 35 naturalistic CSA suspect interviews to establish whether rapport-based interviewing techniques increase "yield" - defined as information of investigative value. The Observing Rapport Based Interviewing Technique (ORBIT coding manual was used to code interviews; it includes an assessment of both interpersonal adaptive and maladaptive rapport-based interviewer engagement as well as motivational interviewing (MI) strategies. The impact of these two strands (interpersonal and MI) on extracting information of investigative value (including strengthening a case for court and safeguarding) were examined. Adaptive interpersonal strategies increased case strengthening and safeguarding yield, with motivational interviewing having the largest impact on safeguarding yield. Both strategies increase the likelihood of gaining additional types of economic yield. Maladaptive interviewer strategies reduced case strengthening and different types of economic yield. In study two, literature-based economic estimates were applied to establish the potential cost benefits from following national ORBIT rapport training. Further training in adaptive and motivational interviewing could contribute cost savings between £19 and £78 million (annual unit costs) increasing to £238-£972 million (lifetime costs) for online CSA across England and Wales; and £157-£639 million (annual unit costs) increasing to £2-£8 billion (lifetime costs) for all CSA. Failure to commit training resource to this, or an alternative strategy, could mean the cost burden attributable to maladaptive interviewing (between £1 and £6 million for online CSA and £12 and £48 million for all CSA) is not successfully averted.

Problem video game playing is related to emotional distress in adolescents. / El uso problemático de videojuegos está relacionado con problemas emocionales en adolescentes.

Problem use of video games is an increasing risk behaviour. High exposure of adolescents to video games has been linked to a variety of disorders, but the relationship between problem video game playing and emotional welfare is unknown. The aim of the study is to analyse problem video game playing in a sample of adolescents and to determine whether there are differences between online and offline players, in addition to examining its relationship with anxiety and depressive symptomatology. A sample of adolescents (N = 380) completed self-reports measuring video game use and symptoms of anxiety and depression. We found that 7.4% of females and 30% of males can be considered as playing at problem levels. Online players were almost 12 times more likely to play at high frequency than offline players (χ2 (1, 267) = 72.72, p < .001, OR = 11.63, 95% CI [6.31, 21.43]). Males play more frequently, and play more online (χ2 (1, 267) = 50.85, p < .001, OR = 6.74, 95% CI [3.90, 11.64]), with a clear relationship between problem video game playing and anxiety (r = .24; p < .001). In females, there is a relationship between problem video game playing and depression (r = .19; p < .05). Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the psychological variables involved in problem video game playing. The implementation of strategies is suggested in order to prevent pathological gaming and associated problems.

El uso problemático de los videojuegos es una conducta de riesgo cada vez más frecuente. La alta exposición de los adolescentes a los videojuegos se ha relacionado con una variedad de trastornos, pero se desconoce la relación entre el uso problemático de videojuegos y el bienestar emocional. El objetivo del estudio es analizar el uso problemático de videojuegos en una muestra de adolescentes y determinar si existen diferencias entre jugadores online y offline, además de examinar su correlación con sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva. Una muestra de adolescentes (N = 380) completó autoinformes que medían el uso de videojuegos y sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva. El 7,4% de las chicas y el 30% de los chicos pueden considerarse jugadores problemáticos. Jugadores online tienen casi 12 veces más probabilidad de jugar con alta frecuencia en comparación con jugadores offline (χ2 (1, 267)= 72,72, p < ,001, RM = 11,63, 95% IC [6,31, 21,43]). Los chicos juegan con mayor frecuencia y lo hacen en mayor medida online (χ2 (1, 267)= 50,85, p < ,001, RM= 6,74, 95% IC [3,90, 11,64]), con una clara relación entre el uso problemático de los videojuegos y la ansiedad (r =.24; p < ,001). En las chicas existe relación entre el uso problemático de videojuegos y bajo estado de ánimo (r = ,19; p < ,05). Los hallazgos contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de las variables psicológicas relacionadas con el uso problemático de videojuegos, consolidando la idea de instaurar programas educativos para prevenir el abuso de los videojuegos y sus problemas asociados.

El uso problemático de videojuegos está relacionado con problemas emocionales en adolescentes / Problem video game playing is related to emotional distress in adolescents

El uso problemático de los videojuegos es una conducta de riesgo cada vez más frecuente. La alta exposición de los adolescentes a los videojuegos se ha relacionado con una variedad de trastornos, pero se desconoce la relación entre el uso problemático de videojuegos y el bienestar emocional. El objetivo del estudio es analizar el uso problemático de videojuegos en una muestra de adolescentes y determinar si existen diferencias entre jugadores online y offline, además de examinar su correlación con sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva. Una muestra de adolescentes (N = 380) completó autoinformes que medían el uso de videojuegos y sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva. El 7,4% de las chicas y el 30% de los chicos pueden considerarse jugadores problemáticos. Jugadores online tienen casi 12 veces más probabilidad de jugar con alta frecuencia en comparación con jugadores offline (χ2 (1, 267)= 72,72, p < ,001, RM = 11,63, 95% IC [6,31, 21,43]). Los chicos juegan con mayor frecuencia y lo hacen en mayor medida online (χ2 (1, 267)= 50,85, p < ,001, RM= 6,74, 95% IC [3,90, 11,64]), con una clara relación entre el uso problemático de los videojuegos y la ansiedad (r =.24; p < ,001). En las chicas existe relación entre el uso problemático de videojuegos y bajo estado de ánimo (r = ,19; p < ,05). Los hallazgos contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de las variables psicológicas relacionadas con el uso problemático de videojuegos, consolidando la idea de instaurar programas educativos para prevenir el abuso de los videojuegos y sus problemas asociados

Problem use of video games is an increasing risk behaviour. High exposure of adolescents to video games has been linked to a variety of disorders, but the relationship between problem video game playing and emotional welfare is unknown. The aim of the study is to analyse problem video game playing in a sample of adolescents and to determine whether there are differences between online and offline players, in addition to examining its relationship with anxiety and depressive symptomatology. A sample of adolescents (N = 380) completed self-reports measuring video game use and symptoms of anxiety and depression. We found that 7.4% of females and 30% of males can be considered as playing at problem levels. Online players were almost 12 times more likely to play at high frequency than offline players (χ2 (1, 267) = 72.72, p < .001, OR = 11.63, 95% CI [6.31, 21.43]). Males play more frequently, and play more online (χ2 (1, 267) = 50.85, p < .001, OR = 6.74, 95% CI [3.90, 11.64]), with a clear relationship between problem video game playing and anxiety (r = .24; p < .001). In females, there is a relationship between problem video game playing and depression (r = .19; p < .05). Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the psychological variables involved in problem video game playing. The implementation of strategies is suggested in order to prevent pathological gaming and associated problems

Divorcio, custodia y bienestar del menor: una revisión de las investigaciones en Psicología / Divorce, custody and child welfare: a review of research in psychology

La custodia de los menores tras un divorcio constituye la principal área de intervención de la Psicología Jurídica. Los factores que influyen en el bienestar del menor -pricipio fundamental en las actuaciones de la Justicia- son numerosos y deben de ser analizados en cada caso, pero ello no excluye el necesario apoyo en las investigaciones previas. En este trabajo se revisan los datos de investigación disponibles acerca de los efectods diferenciales de la custodia compartida y la individual. La mayoría de resultados revelan que, a igualdad de otros factores, la custodia compartida es más beneficiosa para el bienestar del menor que la individual, tanto por los efectos directos sobre su conducta y emociones, como por los indirectos a través de la reducción del conflicto entre los progenitores. Un número importante de estudios encuentra, con todo, que ningún tipo de custodia es más beneficioso que el otro para el menor(AU)

The custody of children after a divorce is the main area of ​​intervention of Legal Psychology. The factors that influence the welfare of the child-pricipio fundamental actions of the Justice-are numerous and should be analyzed in each case, but this does not preclude the necessary support in previous investigations. In this paper we review the available research evidence about the differential efectods joint custody and the individual. Most results show that, other things being equal, joint custody is more beneficial to the child's welfare than individual, both by direct effects on their behavior and emotions, such as indirect through reducing conflict between the parents. A number of studies found, however, that any type of custody is more beneficial than the other for the lower (AU)

Parámetros ROC y Z-ROC en memoria de palabras: efectos experimentales y preexperimentales / ROC and z-ROC parameters in word memory: experimental and pre-experimental effects

En esta investigación aplicamos parámetros ROC y z-ROC en memoria de reconocimiento de palabras, clasificadas según su frecuencia y clase. Esto permite utilizar técnicas no sesgadas en la evaluación de aciertos y falsas alarmas y obtener distribuciones estandarizadas para cada condición experimental. Los resultados confirman diferencias en memoria de reconocimiento debidas al tiempo de exposición experimental, al tipo de palabra y a otros efectos preexperimentales. Estos datos son consistentes con los modelos de familiaridad y recuerdo («recollection») cuando utilizamos la frecuencia de uso de las palabras y con los modelos de familiaridad, recuerdo y doble ruta cuando utilizamos palabras organizadas según su clase. Por último, se argumenta a favor de un modelo de procesamiento interactivo (palabras organizadas según su frecuencia) versus un modelo de procesamiento más cercano a la modularidad (palabras organizadas según su clase)

In this study, ROC and z-ROC parameters are applied in word recognition memory, with words classified according to frequency and class. In doing so, unbiased techniques can be used to assess hits and false alarms and to obtain standardized distributions for each experimental condition. Our results confirm the existence of differences in word recognition memory for experimental exposition time, type of words and other pre-experimental effects. These data are consistent with familiarity and recollection models when words’ frequency is used, and with familiarity, recollection and dual-route models when words are organized according to class. Finally, we argue in favour of an interactive processing model (words organized according to frequency) versus a processing model nearer to modularity (words organized according to class

[ROC and z-ROC parameters in word memory: experimental and pre-experimental effects]. / Parámetros ROC y z-ROC en memoria de palabras: efectos experimentales y preexperimentales.

In this study, ROC and z-ROC parameters are applied in word recognition memory, with words classified according to frequency and class. In doing so, unbiased techniques can be used to assess hits and false alarms and to obtain standardized distributions for each experimental condition. Our results confirm the existence of differences in word recognition memory for experimental exposition time, type of words and other pre-experimental effects. These data are consistent with familiarity and recollection models when words' frequency is used, and with familiarity, recollection and dual-route models when words are organized according to class. Finally, we argue in favour of an interactive processing model (words organized according to frequency) versus a processing model nearer to modularity (words organized according to class).